How seed breeding could reduce farm inputs in the future

Innovations in seed breeding, gene editing and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) continue to have the potential to significantly reduce farm inputs in the future by introducing crops that are more sustainable and economically attractive. Lower levels of chemical use have the potential to lead to environmental benefits and higher profits for farming businesses.

1. Drought Resistance: Breeding drought-tolerant crops can reduce the need for irrigation. These crops are better able to survive and thrive in dry conditions, minimising water usage and the associated energy costs of irrigation.
2. Pest and Disease Resistance: By breeding crops that are more resistant to pests and diseases, the need for chemical pesticides and herbicides can be reduced or eliminated. This can lower input costs and reduce the environmental impact of chemical use, leading to healthier ecosystems and soils.
3. Nutrient Efficiency: Crops can be bred to better utilize soil nutrients, reducing the need for synthetic fertilisers. For example, plants with improved nitrogen uptake can thrive in lower-nutrient soils, reducing the farmer's dependence on nitrogen-based fertilisers, which are both expensive and environmentally taxing.
4. Higher Yields: By improving the genetics of crops, seed breeding can result in varieties that produce higher yields with fewer inputs. Higher yields per unit of land or per plant allow farmers to produce more food with less labour, water, and fertiliser.
5. Climate Adaptation: Breeding crops that are better suited to specific regional climates can reduce the need for costly inputs such as fertilisers and irrigation. Crops adapted to local conditions are generally more robust and efficient.
6. Improved Soil Health: Crops bred to have deeper root systems can improve soil structure and increase organic matter, which in turn can reduce the need for synthetic fertilisers. Plants with deeper roots can access nutrients and water more effectively, reducing the reliance on external inputs.
7. Reduced Tillage: Some crop varieties can be bred to tolerate reduced tillage systems. Reduced tillage improves soil health, conserves moisture, and minimises the need for fuel-intensive machinery. These crops can grow effectively without the need for intensive soil disturbance.
8. Increased Tolerance to Stress: Breeding crops with enhanced tolerance to environmental stresses (like heat, flooding, or salinity) can reduce the need for irrigation, fertilisers, and pesticides. Stress-tolerant crops are more likely to perform well under adverse conditions, thus saving resources.

Overall, seed breeding can support more sustainable and cost-effective farming by enhancing crop performance while reducing the need for chemical inputs, water, and labour. This leads to both environmental benefits and economic savings for farmers.